Touch Switch II

This circuit uses a 555 timer as the bases of the touch switch. You can learn more about 555 timers in the Learning section on my site. When the plate is touched the 555 timer is triggered and the output on pin 3 goes high turning on the LED and the buzzer for a certain period of time. The time that the LED and the buzzer is on is based on the values of the capacitor and resistor connected to pin 6 & 7. The 10M resistor on pin 2 causes the the circuit to be very sensitive to the touch.

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100W Guitar Pre Amplifier Rise

Introduction

Guitar amplifiers are all the time an fascinating challenge. The tone keep a watch ons, gain & overload characteristics are individual, & the go well withable combination varies from guitarist to the next, & from guitar to the next. There is not any amp that satisfies everybodys requirements, & this providing is simply not predicted to be an exception. The preamp is now at Revision-A, & although the complete schematic of the new version just isn't proven below, the crucial traits are normally not modified - it nonetheless has the identical tone keep an eye fixed on \"stack\" & other keep an eye ons, however now has a 2nd op amp to minimize back output impedance & make stronger gain characteristics.

One main distinction from any \"store bought\" amplifier is that in case you build it your self, that you can be ready to alter things to fit your personal wants. The means to scan is the key to this circuit, which is even though presented in full type, there could be each predictation that builders will make amendments to go nicely with themselves.

The amp is rated at 100W in to a four Ohms load, as this is conventional of a \"combo\" sort amp with 8 Ohm speakers in parallel. Alternatively, that you can also run the amp in to a \"quad\" field (four x eight Ohm audio system in series parallel - see Figure five in Project 27b, the original editorial) and will get about 60 Watts. For the adventurous, two quad fieldes and the amp head will provide 100W, but will most definitely be much louder than the dual. This is a standard aggregate for guitarists, but it surely does make it exhausting for the sound man to bring the complete thing else as a lot as the identical level.

The Pre-Amplifier

A image of the Revision-A preamp is shown under. Youll see that theres twin op amps, but the schematic only displays. This is the principle a phase of the Rev-A replace - the output part now has gain (which is principally chooseed), and a greater buffered low output impedance. The remainder of the circuit is unchanged.

Guitar Pre-Amplifier Board

The preamp circuit is shown in Figure one, and has a couple of fascinating traits that separate it from the \"normal\" - assuming that there's the sort of factor. This is unassuming but dependent design, that presents superb tonal range. The acquire construction is designed to supply a significant quantity of gain, which is good for these guitarists who wish to get that absolutely distorted \"fat\" sound.

However, with a few simple adjustments, the preamp can additionally be tamed to swimsuit any model of taking section in. Likewise, the tone controls as shown have adequate range to duvet very anything else from an electrified violin to a bass guitar - The response can also be restricted in the adventure you would like (by testing with the tone keep an eye on capacitor values), however I recommend that you try it \"as is\" ahead of making any changes.

Figure 1 - Guitar Pre-Amplifier

From Figure one, one can find that the preamp makes use of a twin op amp because its handiest amplification. The lone transistor is an emitter practiceer, & deal withs a low output impedance after the master extent control. As proven, with a standard guitar input, it's feasible to receive a fats overdrive sound by way of winding up the quantity, & then environment the master for the perfect stage. The normal frequency response is deliberately limited to forestall extreme low-end waffle, & to chop the intense excessives to assist cut back noise & to limit the response to the traditional requirements for guitar. In case you utilize the TL072 op amp as shown, you may simply additionally find that noise is a topic - at high acquire with loads of treble increase. I strongly suggest that you simply use an OPA2134 - a top rate audio op amp from Los angels Instruments (Burr-Brown division), you are going to then in finding this probably the quietest guitar amp you've got ever heard (or not heard :-). At any acquire atmosphere, there may just be extra pickup noise from my guitar than circuit noise - & for the prototype one used carbon resistors!

Notes:
one - IC pin outs are industry usual for twin op amps - pin four is -ve provide, and pin 8 is +ve supply.
two - Op amp provide pins need to be by way ofpassed to earth with 100nF caps (preferably ceramic) as shut as possible to the op amp itself.
three - Diodes are 1N4148, 1N914 or similar.
four - Pots must be linear for tone regulates, & log for extent and grasp.

The power provide part (bottom left corner) connects immediately to the principle +/-35V power amp supply. Use one Watt zen-er diodes (D5 and D6), and make positive that the zen-er supply resistors (R18 and R19, 680 ohm one Watt) are evaded other sections, as they're going to get heat in operation. Again, the preamp PCB accommodates the provide on the board.

The pin connections shown (either huge dots or \"port\" images) are the pins from the PCB. Normally, all pots could be PCB varieties, and installed straight away to the board. For a selfmade challenge, that would restrict the structure to that imposed through the board, so all connections use wiring. It may simply look a bit of exhausting, however is inconspicuous and appears wonderful when the unit is completed. Cable ties preserve the wiring tidy, and handiest a single joinion to the GND point ought to be used(several are equipped, so select that suits your structure. VCC is +35V from the principle supply, and VEE is the -35V supply.

In the experience you dont require all the achieve that's on hand, basically elevate the worth of R6 (the first 4k7 resistor) - for even less noise and achieve, increase R11 (the 2d 4k7) as neatly. For extra gain, decrease R11 - I counsel a maximum of 2k2 here.

If the brilliant change is shiny ( much treble), raise the 1k resistor (R5) to tame it down once extra. Reduce the price to get extra chunk. The tone regulate association proven will provide zero output if all regulates are set to most - this is not going to be a typical requirement in use, but take into account of it when checking out.

The diode network at the output is designed to allow the preamp to generate a \"soft\" clipping characteristic when the quantity is became up. Because of the diode clipping, the energy amp must have an input sensitivity of about 750mV for full output, otherwise it wont be feasible to get full energy even with the Master achieve control at the maximum setting.

Make sure that the enter joinors are isolated from the chassis. The earth isolation parts in the power supply lend a hand to forestall hum ( when the amp is hooked up to different majors energyed equipment).

If issues are encountered with this circuit, then you might have made a wiring mistake .. length. A golden rule here is to take a appear at the wiring, then preserve on take a look ating it until you to find the error, in view that I can guarantee you that if it does not work properly there's as a minimum mistake, & most certainly more.

The enter, effects & output connections are proven in Figure 1B.

Figure 1B - Internal Wiring

The connections proven are related (ok, virtually identical :-) to these used in my prototype. Noise is low, & probably would possibly were decrease if I had made the amp a tiny greater. All connectors have to be totally insulated varieties, so there is no lengthyer any joinion to chassis. This is vital !

You will no lengthyerice from the above diagram that I didnt include the \"loop breaker\" circuit shown in the power provide diagram. For my needs, it isn't mandatory, for your needs, I shall assist you to pick. In case you select to utilize it, then the earth (chassis) joinion marked * (next to the enter joinors) need to be left off.

A few important levels

The major zero volt level is the connection between the filter caps. This is the reference for all zero volt returns, together with the zero.1 ohm speaker remarks resistor. Dont connect the feedback resistor directly to the amps GND level, or you'll generate distortion & possible instability.
 The provide for the amp & preamp have to be taken right away from the filter caps - the diagram above is literal - that signifies that you practice the path of the wiring as shown.
 Although talked about above, you might neatly ask why the pots dont mount immediately to the PCB to shop wiring. Simple . Had I accomplished it that means, you would require to make use of the same type pots as I designed for, & the panel format would must be the same , with the actual same spacings. I figured that this is in a position to be restricting, so wiring it's. The wiring if actuality be told doesnt take lengthy & is easy to do, so will no longer be a topic.
 I didnt embrace the \"Bright\" change in Figure 1B for readability. I are expecting that it's going to result in few issues.

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Long Delay Stop Switch

Presettable times for train stops in stations are indispensable if you want to operate your model railway more or less realistically according to a timetable. This circuit shows how a 555 timer can be used with a relatively small timing capacitor to generate very long delay times as necessary by using a little trick (scarcely known among model railway electronic technicians): pulsed charging of the timing net-work. Such long delays can be used in hidden yards with through tracks, for instance.  As the timer is designed for half-wave operation, it requires only a single lead to the transformer and one to the switching track or reed contact when used with a Märklin AC system (H0 or H1). The other lead can be connected to any desired grounding point for the common ground of the track and lighting circuits.

Circuit diagram :

Long-Delay Stop Switch Circuit Diagram

As seen from the outside, the timer acts as a monostable flip-flop. The output (pin 3) is low in the quiescent state. If a negative signal is applied to the trigger input (pin 2), the output goes high and C4 starts charging via R3 and R4. When the voltage on C4 reaches 2/3 of the supply voltage, it discharges via an internal transistor connected to pin 7 to 1/3 of the supply voltage and the output (pin 3) goes low. The two threshold values (1/3 and 2/3) are directly proportional to the supply voltage. The duration of the output signal is independent of the supply voltage: t= 1.1(R4 + R5) × C4 

if the potentiometer is connected directly to the supply line (A and B joined). The maximum delay time that can be generated using the component values shown in the schematic diagram is 4.8 minutes. How-ever, it can be increased by a factor of approximately 10 if the timing network is charged using positive half-waves of the AC supply voltage (reduced to the 10–16-V level) instead of a constant DC voltage. 

The positive half-waves of the AC voltage reach the timing network via D2, the transistor, and D3. Diode D3 prevents C4 from being discharged between the pulses. The total resistance of R4 and R5 should not be too high (no more than 10 MΩ if possible), since electrolytic capacitors (such as are needed for C4) have significant leakage currents. Incidentally, the leakage current of aluminium electrolytic capacitors can be consider-ably reduced by using a supply voltage well below the rated voltage. Capacitor C6 is intended to suppress noise. It forms a filter network in combination with an internal voltage-divider resistor.

If a vehicle happens to remain standing over the reed switch so the magnet holds the contacts constantly closed, the timer will automatically be retriggered when the preset delay times out. In this case the relay armature will not release and the locomotive will come to the ‘end of the line’ in violation of the timetable. This problem can be reliably eliminated using R6, R7 and C5. This trigger circuit ensures that only one trigger pulse is generated, regardless of how long the reed switch remains closed. RC network R8/C7 on the reset pin ensures that the timer behaves properly on switch-on (which is far from being something to be taken for granted with many versions of the 555 or 556 dual timer).

Reed switches have several special characteristics that must be kept in mind when fitting them. The contact blades, which are made from a ferromagnetic material, assume opposite magnetic polarities under the influence of a magnetic field and attract each other. Here the position and orientation of the magnet, the distance between the magnet and the reed switch, and the direction of motion of the magnet relative to the switch are important factors. The fragility of the glass hous-ing and the thermal stress from soldering (stay at least 3 mm away from the glass housing) require a heat sink to be used between the soldering point and the glass/metal seal. A suitable tweezers or flat-jawed pliers can be used for this pur-pose. If you need to bend the leads, use flat-jawed pliers to protect the glass/metal seal against mechanical stresses. 

Matching magnets in various sizes are available from toy merchants and electronics mail-order firms. They should preferably be fitted underneath the loco-motive or carriage. However, the magnet can also be fitted on the side of a vehicle with a plastic body. In this case the reed switch can be hidden in a mast, bridge column or similar structure or placed in a tunnel, since the distance must be kept to less than around 10 mm, even with a strong magnet. If fitting the circuit still presents problems (especially with Märklin Z-gauge Mini-Club), one remedy is to generate the trigger using a unipolar digital Hall switch, such as the Siemens TLE4905L or Allegro UGN3120. To avoid coupled-in interference, the stop timer should be fitted relatively close to the Hall sensor (use screened cable if necessary). Pay attention to the polarity of the magnet when fitting it to the bottom of the vehicle. With both types of sensors, the South pole must point toward the front face of the Hall IC (the face with the type marking). The North pole is sometimes marked by a dab of paint. Generally speaking, the polarity must be determined experimentally. 

Fitting the circuit is not a problem with Z-gauge and 1-gauge tracks, since the distance between the iron parts (rails) and the Hall switch is sufficiently large. In an HO system, some modifications must be made to the track bed of the Märklin metal track. Cut a suitably sized ‘window’ between one wheel rail and the centre rail in order to prevent secondary magnetic circuits from interfering with the operation of the sensor. Keep the distance between the magnet and the case of the Hall switch between 5 and 10 mm, depending on the strength of the magnet, to ensure reliable actuation.

Source by : Streampowers

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Battery powered Headphone Amplifier

Low distortion Class-B circuitry 6V Battery Supply

Some enthusiasts of High Fidelity headphone listening want the utilization of battery energyed headphone amplifiers, not just for transportable gadgets but additionally for home \"table\" softwares. This design is intended to fulfil their needs and its topology is derived from the Portable Headphone Amplifier that contains an NPN/PNP compound pair emitter follower output stage. An superior output using functionality is achieveed via making this a push-pull Class-B association. Output energy can reach one hundredmW RMS into a 16 Ohm load at 6V supply with low standing and mean present consumption, allowing lengthy battery duration. The single voltage gain stage permits the easy implementation of a shunt-feedback circuitry giving superb frequency steadiness.

Circuit diagram :

Battery-powered Headphone Amplifier Circuit diagram

Notes:

• For a Stereo model of this circuit, all parts should be doubled aside from P1, SW1, J2 and B1.
• Before setting quiescent current rotate the volume regulate P1 to the minimum, Trimmer R6 to most resistance and Trimmer R3 to in regards to the middle of its shuttle.
• Connect an acceptable headphone set or, better, a 33 Ohm 1/2W resistor to the amplifier output.
• Switch on the provision and measure the battery voltage with a Multimeter set to about 10Vdc fsd.
• Connect the Multimeter throughout the positive end of C4 and the poor floor.
• Rotate R3 with a view to learn on the Multimeter show precisely half of of the battery voltage in the past measured.
• Switch off the availability, disconnect the Multimeter and reconnect it, set to measure about 10mA fsd, in sequence to the certain supply of the amplifier.
• Switch on the provide and rotate R6 slowly except a studying of about 3mA is displayed.
• Check once more the voltage on the positive finish of C4 and learnjust R3 if essential.
• Wait about quarter-hour, watch if the present is various and readjust if important.
• Those fortunate sufficient to achieve an oscilloscope and a 1KHz sine wave generator, can power the amplifier to the utmost output power and alter R3 with a goal to get hold of a symmetrical clipping of the sine wave showed.

Technical data:

Output power (1KHz sinewave):
    16 Ohm: 100mW RMS
    32 Ohm: 60mW RMS
    sixty four Ohm: 35mW RMS
    100 Ohm: 22.5mW RMS
    300 Ohm: eight.5mW RMS
Sensitivity:
    160mV enter for 1V RMS output into 32 Ohm load (31mW)
    200mV input for 1.27V RMS output into 32 Ohm load (50mW)
Frequency response @ 1V RMS:
    flat from 45Hz to 20KHz, -1dB @ 35Hz, -2dB @ 24Hz
Total harmonic distortion into 16 Ohm load @ 1KHz:
    1V RMS (62mW) zero.015% 1.27V RMS (onset of clipping, a hundredmW) 0.04%
Total harmonic distortion into 16 Ohm load @ 10KHz:
    1V RMS (62mW) 0.05% 1.27V RMS (onset of clipping, one hundredmW) 0.1%
Unconditionally secure on capacitive loads

Source : red circuits

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50 W Power Amplifier Circuit using STK084

This is the circuit diagram of 50W power amplifier circuit which built based on single power amplifier chip of STK084. Its an well-known old IC for audio frequency (AF) amplifier.

This circuit requires dual polarity / split power supply with maximum supply of ± 50. The recommended supply is ± 35 / 2-3A DC current. You may use this split power supply circuit for the amplifier. Use 28V center tap transformer to get about ± 36V output.

Technical Details:

Power output: 50W
RL : 8 Ohm
TDH : 0.2 %
Rin : 52K
Gain : 26.4 dB
Noise : 0.3 mV

Take a note that heatsink is required to be mounted on the power IC since it will going to hot when operated and deliver high power output (high audio volume level). Link

50W Power Amplifier Circuit using STK084,

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Create a electric shock resistant tool

Youve electric shock?? .. Well, .. it was nice to recover all your gout! Sometimes true .. but we often do not touch circuit accidentally in the work that is still connected with line / grid (pln) .. pissed, wants I think we stepped on the stuff ..! patient first. 

Is there any easy way to avoid electric shock in repair work .. can even avoid the occurrence of ESD, if we deal with electronic goods which are sensitive to ESD (PC motherboards, mobile phones, circuit digital etc). you raft just like this series .. used as supply for the solder, when dealing with components which are sensitive to ESD and touch (CMOS IC). the greater capacity of the transformer Ampere. the greater the (good) power which can be handled. The second transformer is identical / similar.

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Fuse Box Toyota 1994 Pick Up Canada Diagram

Fuse Box Toyota 1994 Pick Up Canada Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box Toyota 1994 Pick Up Canada Diagram.

Fuse Box Toyota 1994 Pick Up Canada Diagram

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: rear anti lock, EXM ignition, power door lock, power window, engine, ignition coil, tail light, wiper, gauges, stop lamp, radio, cigar lighter, turn signal,

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High Voltage Generator

This high voltage generator was designed  with the aim of testing the electrical break-down protection used on the railways. These  protection measures are used to ensure that  any external metal parts will never be at a  high voltage. If that were about to happen,  a very large current would flow (in the order  of kilo-amps), which causes the protection  to operate, creating a short circuit to ground effectively earthing the metal parts. This hap-pens when, for example, a lightning strike hits  the overhead line (or their supports) on the  railways. 

This generator generates a high voltage of  1,000 V, but with an output current that is limited to few milliamps. This permits the electrical breakdown protection to be tested with-out it going into a short circuit state. The circuit uses common parts throughout: a  TL494 pulse-width modulator, several FETs or  bipolar switching transistors, a simple 1.4 VA  mains transformer and a discrete voltage multiplier. P1 is used to set the maximum current  and P2 sets the output voltage. 

Circuit diagram :

High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram

The use of a voltage multiplier has the advantage that the working voltage of the smoothing capacitors can be lower, which makes them easier to obtain. The TL494 was chosen  because it can still operate at a voltage of  about 7 V, which means it can keep on working even when the batteries are nearly empty.  The power is provided by six C-type batteries, which keeps the total weight at a reason-able level. 

The 2x4 V secondary of AC power transformer  (Tr1) is used back to front. It does mean that  the 4 V winding has double the rated voltage  across it, but that is acceptable because the  frequency is a lot higher (several kilo-Hertz)  than the 50 Hz (60 Hz) the transformer is  designed for. The final version also includes a display of the  output voltage so that the breakdown volt-age can be read. 

From a historical perspective there follows a  bit of background information. In the past a different system was worked  out. Every high-voltage support post has a  protection system, and it isn’t clear when  the protection had operated and went into  a short-circuit state due to a large current  discharge. 

Since very large currents were involved, a certain Mr. Van Ark figured out a solution for this.  He used a glass tube filled with a liquid containing a red pigment and a metal ball. When  a large current discharge occurred the metal  ball shot up due to the strong magnetic field,  which caused the pigment to mix with the liquid. This could be seen for a good 24 hours after the event. After a thunder storm it was  easy to see where a discharge current took  place: one only had to walk past the tubes  and have a good look at them. 

Unfortunately, things didn’t work out as  expected. Since it often took a very long  time before a discharge occurred, the pigment settled down too much. When a dis-charge finally did occur the pigment no  longer mixed with the liquid and nothing was  visible. This system was therefore sidelined,  but it found its place in the (railway) history  books as the ‘balls of Van Ark’.

 

 

Streampowers

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Simple USB player circuit with PCM2902

Usb series player is an electronic device or electronic circuit that functions as an MP3 player that is stored on a storage device such as USB flash.

In this usb circuit using an IC as a modifier of digital voice data into analog so that it can be applied to a headphone, or again through the power amlplifier strengthened so that it can be heard through the speakers. IC used in this circuit using IC PCM2902 as a modifier of a digital data into analog data storage.

Below is a schematic diagram of a USB player.

Schematic usb player

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An Accurate Reaction Timer Circuit

Add a cheap stopwatch to this circuit to produce an accurate reaction timer. The circuit is wired in parallel with the start/stop button in the watch via a 2.5mm socket, which fits snugly in one corner of the casing. The person conducting the test (the "tester") resets the stopwatch and turns on the reaction timer’s power switch (S3).

The person being tested (the "subject") places his or her fingers near the "STOP" push-button switch (S4). Next, the tester covertly sets a delay time with VR1 and selects either the LED or buzzer alarm via S2. To initiate the sequence, the tester then presses the "START" switch (S1). This triggers 555 timer IC1, which is wired as a monostable. Its output (pin 3) goes high for 2-12 seconds as determined by the setting of VR1. At the end of this delay pin 3 goes low and triggers IC2, another 555 timer in monostable mode.

Circuit diagram:

 An Accurate Reaction Timer Circuit Diagram

The output from IC2 (pin 3) activates the alarm (buzzer or LED) for about 0.5s. After inversion by Q1, it also triggers IC3, another 555 monostable. The positive pulse from IC3 turns on Q2, briefly closing the start/stop switch circuit in the watch. The watch starts to count up. After a short period, the subject reacts to the alarm and pushes the "STOP" button (S4), freezing the stopwatch. The reaction time can then be read off with 1/100th of a second accuracy.

Comparative reaction times could be measured when a subject is: rested or tired, silent or talking, before or after a night out, using a mobile phone, etc. For motoring realism, rig up dummy accelerator and brake pedals, with the brake switch making the stop contact. Or take it to your club and test people as they enter and after they’ve been "steadying their nerves" at the bar.

Author: A. J. Lowe - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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70W POWER AMPLIFIER USING 2N30055 MJE2955 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

70W POWER AMPLIFIER USING 2N30055 - MJE2955 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

This amplifier is fairly well behaved for turn on, and should issue (at worst) the smallest click as power is applied. When power is removed, after about 5 seconds or so, there will normally be a low level thump - this is not dangerous to speakers, unless used in tri-amp and directly connected to the tweeters - DO NOT DO THIS - not with any amp. Always use a capacitor in series with tweeters (see Bi-Amplification, Some thoughts on Tri-Amping).

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Cellphone cannot power on repair tips

Cellphone cannot power on normally.
Check batteray first, try to turn on with a good batteray, if still problem :

1. Try to charging the cellphone
2. If the cellphone can be charging, probably power switch fault/broken
3. Check power switch first, replace with a good one if needed.
4. If the problem not solved, try to flash/upgrade software/firmware with a latest version
5. If the problem still not solved, resolder flash IC, replace if needed.
6. If the problem still not solved, probaby main engine/pcb broken.
7. Trace for broken circuit or swap engine.

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Electrical Wiring Diagram Es10pc System

Rough In Electrical Wiring Af Jpg.



Electrical Outlet Problems.



Find More Information About Honda Cb750f2 Electrical Wiring Diagram.



Fuel Pump Relay Wiring Diagram.



Wiring For This Type Of Electrical Connection Looks Like This.



Jeep Grand Cherokee Wiring Diagram 2000 Dodge Ram 1500 Radio Wiring.



Electrical Wiring Diagram For The Es10pc System.



Gfci Outlet Wiring Diagram Pdf 55kb.



Automotive Electrical Diagrams Provide Symbols That Represent Circuit.



Twelve Common Wiring Problems By Rex Cauldwell.

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18W Car Stereo Amplifier Rise

This automobile stereo amplifier project is a class AB audio power amplifier using the Hitachi HA13118 module. It not only can be used in automobile application but also in any transportable or home amplifier process. It is simple to construct & has a maximum of outside parts. The module has a high power output from a low voltage supply using the bridge tied load system, & a high gain of 55dB.

This project will be useful in applications where the input signal is a low level, without requiring the use of a separate pre-amplifier. This IC module has a built in surge protection circuit, thermal shutdown circuit, ground fault protection circuit & power supply fault protection circuit making it reliable.

The Specifications of this project 
D.C. Input : 8 – 18V at 1-2 A

Power output : 18W maximum, 4 ohm load, 18V DC supply

S/N ratio : > 70 dB

THD : < 0.2% @ 1W

Freq. Response : ~ 30 Hz to 30 kHz, –3 dB

Input level : < 25 mV, for full output (G > 50dB)

Input Impedance : ~ 30 k ohm

The supply voltage necessary for this project is 8 -18V DC, at least one to two Amps. Maximum output power will only be obtained with a power supply of 18V at greater than two A, using a four ohm speaker. The power supply ought to be well filtered to reduce mains hum, a regulated supply will reduce noise even further. Additional filtering is unnecessary if operating from a battery supply.

Circuit Diagram Description

Most of the circuitry is contained within the amplifier module. C10 is the input coupling capacitor and blocks DC from the input. C11 bypasses any RF which may be present at the input. C1 & C2 provide an AC ground for the inverting inputs of the IC. R1/C7 and R2/C8 provide a high frequency load for stability with difficult speakers. C five & C six provide bootstrap feedback for the IC. C9 & C12 provide power supply filtering.

An externally mounted logarithmic potentiometer of between 10k ohm and 50k ohm, is used depending on the desired input impedance. The impedance ought to be keep as high as feasible for a guitar amp, unless using a separate pre-amp. Make sure-that the heat sink is mounted to the module.

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NOKIA 7210S 5220 MIC TESTED SOLUTION

DEAR , JUST MAKE IT EASY WITH THIS PICTURE TRACKS NOW FOR NOKIA 7210S AND NOKIA 5220 HANDSET IN WHICH THERE IS THE MIC PROBLEM , 

here is the tracks shown in the picture , just follow that with any mic. and enjoy

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1KHz IR transmitter circuit

The circuit is based on a NE555 timer
IC (IC1) which is wires as an astable multivibrator to produce 1KHz
pulses. The output pulses of the IC1 will be amplified by the Q1(SK100)
to drive the two IR transmitter LEDs wired serially. The resistors R1,
R2 and capacitor C2 determines the operating frequency of the IC.The
circuit starts emitting IR pulses when ever the push button switch S1
is pressed.

Circuit diagram with Parts list.

Notes.

• The circuit can be powered from a 9V PP3 battery.
• The switch S1 is a push button type switch.
• The IC 1 must be mounted on a holder.
• Basic Oscillator (Tone Generator) At 1.8 KHz -alarm circuits

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Wiring Diagram

Trailer Wiring 101.



Chevrolet Pickup C1500 Wiring Diagram And Electrical Schematics 1997.



Has A 7 Pin On The Truck It S Wired As Shown Below You Do Need A.



13 Pin Wiring Diagram.



12n Socket Wiring Diagram.



Wire Diagram Turn Signills Wireing Catilac 7 Pin Wire Harness Diagram.



Quality 8 Long Trailer End Cordset Features A 7 Blade Plastic Trailer.



Towing Trailer Wiring 7 Pin 7 Waycarend Jpg.



Pin Round Small Plug And Socket Wiring Cable Entry View.



For A Trailer Plug And Tow Bar Socket Wiring Diagram.

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Simple Function Generator

Simple triangle-wave generators have a weakness in that the waveform of their output signal normally cannot be modified. The circuit presented here makes it possible to smoothly alter the waveform of a linearly rising and steeply trailing saw-tooth signal through a symmetrical triangle-wave to a slowly trailing, steeply rising linear sawtooth. The wanted waveform may be selected independently of the frequency, which can also be varied uniformly from 0.2 Hz to 8 kHz. At the same time, a rectangular signal with variable duty cycle (also independent of frequency) is available at the rectangular-signal output of the circuit.

The circuit consists of integrator IC1b, whose output is applied to comparator IC1c. The output of the comparator is a rectangular signal The output of IC1b is raised by amplifier IC1d to a level that allows the full output voltage range of the operational amplifier to be used. Op amp IC1a provides a stable virtual earth, whose level is set to half the supply voltage with P1. The smooth setting of the frequency is made possible by feedback of part of the output of the comparator to the input of the integrator via P2. This preset is usually not provided in standard triangle-wave generators. Network D1-R1-D2-R2-P3 makes it possible to give integrator capacitor C3 different charging and discharge times.

This arrangement enables the output signal at A1 and the duty cycle of the rectangular wave signal at A2 to be varied. Varying the amplification factor with P5 has no effect on the frequency set with P2. The slope of the signal edges, the transient responses, and the output voltage range (rail-to-rail or with some voltage drop) depend on the type of op amp used. The TL084 used in the prototype offers a good compromise between price and meeting the wanted parameters. The circuit is best built on a small piece of prototyping board. The circuit draws a current of not more than 12mA.

Brief parameters:
Provides triangle-wave, sawtooth or rectangular signal
Waveform variable independently of frequency (triangle wave and sawtooth)
Duty cycle of rectangular signal can be set independently of frequency

Applications:
Test and measurement
Pulse-width control

Summary of preset action:
P1 – sets virtual earth to a level equal to Ucc/2;
P2 – sets the frequency;
P3– sets the waveform;
P4 – sets the hysteresis of the comparator (frequency and amplitude of the triangle-wave signal)
P5 – sets the amplification of the triangle-wave and sawtooth signals.

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Ampere or Current Booster

Small and very useful circuit, Can be built on a veroboard

Volt regulators such as the LM708, and LM317 series (and others) sometimes need to provide a little bit more current then they actually can handle. If that is the case, this little circuit can help out. A power transistor such as the 2N3772 or similar can be used.

The power transistor is used to boost the extra needed current above the maximum allowable current provided via the regulator.
Current up to 1500mA(1.5amp) will flow through the regulator, anything above that makes the regulator conduct and adding the extra needed current to the output load. It is no problem stacking power transistors for even more current. (see diagram). Both regulator and power transistor must be mounted on an adequate heatsink.

Circuit diagram:

Ampere or Current Booster Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1 = 1R-2W
R2 = 10R-2W
C1 = 35v-470uF
C2 = 35v-470uF
Q1 = TIP2955
IC1 = 78xx Regulator

Source : www.extremecircuits.net

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Integrator Circuit

Integrator op-amp this circuit also comes from inverting circuit with the feedback prisoner is changed with capacitor. Usually circuit for application there are addition of parallel prisoner with capacitor with name of RF. Integrator circuit which has not in adding parallel prisoner with capacitor. ROM Value is between zero up to R1.

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9V Automatic Battery NiCd Charger

This automatic NiCd charger for 9V NiCd batteries is using 555 timer properties and is very easy to build. Why is an automatic 9 volts NiCd battery charger? Because you can leave the battery for charging as much as you like: it will be always completely charged and ready for use when is needed. It wont be overcharged and it will not discharge.

9V Automatic Battery NiCd Charger Circuit Diagram :

With the values presented in the circuit diagram, the battery charger NiCd circuit is suitable for 6V and 9V batteries. 9 volt types with 6 and 7 cells are charging with 20mA; P1 must be adjusted so that the NiCd charger disconnects after 14 hours. Window inferior level is set at 1V below this value with P2. 5V battery type with 4 or 5 cells are charged at 55mA. Again, with P1 adjust the NiCd charger circuit so it disconnects after 14 hours. Window inferior level must be set at 0.8V below this value.

Source: http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/08/9v-automatic-battery-nicd-charger.html

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Digital Stop Watch Using NE555 Timer IC

This is s design of digital stop watch circuit that built around timer IC LM555 and 4-digit counter IC MM74C926 with multiplexed 7-segment LED display. This is the figure of the circuit.


MM74C926 consists of a 4-digit counter, an internal output latch, NPN output sourcing drivers for common cathode, 7-segment display and an internal multiplexing circuitry with four multiplexing outputs. The counter advances on negative edge of the clock. The clock is generated by timer IC LM555. The circuit works off a 5V power supply. It can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose the circuit in a metal box with provisions for four 7-segment displays, rotary switch S1, start/stop switch S2 and reset switch S3.

For operation this circuit is explanation in the next. First, reset the circuit by pressing S3 so that the display shows ‘0000.’ Now open switch S2 for the stop watch to start counting the time. If you want to stop the clock, close S2. Rotary switch S1 is used to select the different time periods at the output of the unstable multi vibrator (IC1). This circuit is powered by 5V DC. That power supply can take from regulator power supply. You can read in this site about the regulator that can be used.

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Car Mobile Phone Charger Circuit

Cellphone battery charging process when were done traveling is a big problem. Because when traveling source of power supply is generally difficult to find. If you turn on your phone then the battery continuously over time will run out within a period of five to six hours and eventually mobile phones unusable. Here is described a series of simple charger that will increase battery life two to three hours.

In principle, the charger uses a series of Limited Voltage Current Source. Generally requires cellphone battery voltage 3.6 - 6 volts DC and currents 180-200 mA to perform the charging process. Cellphone battery usually consists of three NiCd battery cells, and each cell has a voltage of 1.2 volts potential. At the speed - average low flows required to charge mobile phone battery about - about 100mA.

In this series there is a 12V voltage source consists of 8 regular battery cells (each cell 1.5 Volt) able to supply current at 1.8 A which is connected with output terminals.

The circuit is also able to monitor the battery voltage level which is in charge. And will automatically cut off the charging process when the output terminal detects a certain battery voltage level predetermined. Timer IC NE555 is used to charge and monitor the voltage level in the battery, Pin 5 (IC1) as the control voltage using a reference voltage zener voltage 5.6Volt. Voltage at Pin 6 as the threshold set by VR1 and the voltage at Pin 2 as the trigger is set by VR2.

When the cellphone battery is connected in series (the Charging Process) applied voltage on PIN2 (IC1) as a trigger would be below the value 1 / 3 Vcc and will cause the Flip-Flop in IC1 will ON and on Pin 3 (IC1) will be high (Cause transistor T1 saturation.). When the battery is full (Full Charge) then the voltage will rise and the voltage on the PIN2 (IC1) will be above the level of trigger point threshold. This will cause the Flip Flop OFF and the output will be low (transistor T1 causes the cutoff) and indirectly also the charging process will stop.

Pin 6 (Threshold IC1) is set at 2 / 3 Vcc by using VR1, transistors T1 which is used to increase the charging current. R3 value is very important to provide the charging current, by setting the value of R3 to 39 ohms then the charging current supplied approximately 180mA. This circuit can be built on any type of PCB (General Purpose PCB) for the calibration process using the DC voltage level cutoff Variable Power Supply. Connect the output terminal circuit with Variable DC Power Supply and set on 7 volts. Adjust VR1 in middle position and slowly adjust VR2 until LED1 OFF, this indicates Low Output. LED1 should turn on when the DC Variable Power Supply voltage is reduced below 5V. LED1 Status flame shown in the table below. Closed circuit with plastic casing and use a suitable connector for connecting to the Battery for Mobile.

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Pyro Electric Fire Alarm

Here is an ultra-sensitive fire sensor that exploits the direct piezoelectric property of an ordinary piezo element to detect fire. The lead zirconate titanate crystals in the piezo element have the property to deform and generate an electric gate protected p-channel MOSFETs in the inputs. It has high speed of performance and low input current requirements.There are two inputs—the non-inverting input (pin 3) connected to the piezo element through diode D7 (OA71) that carries the voltage signal from the piezo element and the inverting input (pin 2) that gets a preset voltage momentarily changes the voltage level at pin 3 of IC1 and its output swings high.

Transistor T1 conducts taking the reset pin 12 of IC2 to ground. IC2 is now enabled and starts oscillating. With the shown values of the oscillating components C3 (0.22μ) and R6 potential when heated, thus converting the piezo element into a heat sensor. The circuit described here is very sensitive. It gives a warning alarm if the room temperature increases more than 10°C. The entire circuit has two sections—the sensor and the power supply section.

 

Fig. 1: Pyroelectric fire sensor Circuit Daigram

Sensor side circuit. Fig. 1 shows the fire sensor circuit. The front end of the circuit has a sensitive signal amplifier built around IC1 (CA3130). It gives a high output when temperature near the piezo element increases. IC CA3130 is a CMOS operational amplifier with gate protected p-channel MOSFETs in the inputs. It has high speed of performance and low input current requirements. There are two inputs—the non-inverting input (pin 3) connected to the piezo element through diode D7 (OA71) that carries the voltage signal from the piezo element and the inverting input (pin 2) that gets a preset voltage through VR1.

Fig. 2: Power supply with battery backup

By adjusting VR1,it is easy to set the reference voltage level at pin 2. In normal condition, IC1 gives a low output and the remaining circuitry is in a standby state. Capacitor C2 keeps the non-inverting input of IC1 stable,so that even a slight change in voltage level in the inputs can change the output to high. Normally, IC1 gives a low output, keeping transistor T1 non-conducting. Reseting pin 12 of IC2 (CD4060) connected to the collector of transistor T1 gets a high voltage through R5 and IC2 remains disabled. When the piezo element gets heat from fire, asymmetry in its crystals causes a potential change, enabling capacitor C2 to discharge.

It (1M), the first output (Q3) turns high after a few seconds and a red LED2 starts flashing. If heat near the piezo persists, Q7 (pin 14) output of IC2 becomes high after one minute, and the alarm starts beeping. If heat continues, Q9 (pin 15) turns high after four minutes and turns on the relay driver transistor T2. At the same time, diode D8 conducts and IC2 stops oscillating and toggles. The solenoid pump connected to the N/O (normally opened) contact of the relay starts spraying the fire-ceasing foam or water to the possible sites of fire. Power supply circuit. Powe supply section (Fig. 2) comprises a 0-12V, 1A step-down transformer with a standard full-wave rectifier formed by D1 through D4 and filter capacitor C1. A battery backup is provided if the mains supply is cut-offb due to short-circuit and fire. A 12V, 4.5Ah rechargeable battery is used for backup to give sufficient current to the solenoid pump. When mains power is available, diode D5 forward biases.

It provides power to the circuit and also charges the battery through resistor R2, and it limits the charging current to 120 mA. When power fails, diode D5 reverse biases and diode D6 forward biases, giving instant backup to the circuit. LED1 indicates the availability of mains power. Assemble the circuit on a generalpurpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable case. Connect the piezo element to the circuit using a thin insulated wire. Glue the flat side of the piezo element on a 30×30cm aluminium sheet to increase its sensitivity. Fix the sheet with the piezo sensor to the site where protection is needed. The remaining circuit can be fixed at a suitable place. If only the alarm generator is needed, omit the relay driver section.

Author :D. Mohan Kumar :Copyright: EFY

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